Academic dissertations submitted for a degree; long research papers.

为获得学位提交的学术论文；篇幅较长的研究性文章。

Propositions or claims to be argued or defended.

需加以论证或辩护的命题或主张。

In dialectics, the initial position opposed by antithesis.

辩证法中与反题相对的起始立场。

In music or prosody, the downbeat or accented part.

音乐或韵律学中，强拍或重读的位置。