Expresses moral duty or obligation; with to + base verb

• Implies correctness according to rules or conscience

表示道德义务或责任；与 to + 动词原形连用

• 暗示依据规则或良心的正确性

Gives advice or recommendation; milder than must or have to

• Suggests a desirable or sensible action

用于提出建议或推荐；语气弱于 must/have to

• 表示合宜、明智的做法

Expresses expectation or likelihood; similar to should

• Indicates something is probably true or will happen

表示预期或很可能；类似 should 的用法

• 表明某事很可能属实或将发生

Noun: a normative claim about what should be

• Used in philosophy, contrasted with descriptive is

名词：关于应当如何的规范性主张

• 哲学用法，与描述性的 is 相对